The Obstacle of Migration Land of Oranges Essay - 704 Words

Obstacles of migration The way we battle through adversity and recover can often times define who we are. But sometimes no matter how you battle through adversity, coming out on top is impossible. This problem is expressed in the short story The Land of Sad Oranges by Ghassan Kanafani which reveals a story of the journey and settling of a family exiled from their homeland of Palestine. This family constantly recalls oranges and orange trees, which were very prevalent in their homeland. The oranges served as the physical and constant reminder of the families homeland, and the author uses the significance of the motif to show the obstacles faced by the people who are forced to move out of their country into their new home. While the†¦show more content†¦When the narrator see his father’s eyes imagining all the orange trees he left behind, the emotional hardship of accepting the loss of their homeland is presented. The oranges show the final obstacle the family must suffer through as a result of their migration. The final scene when the narrator finds a family member lying on a table with an orange next to it, â€Å" The orange was dried-up and shrivelled† (144). As discussed previously, the orange represents the homeland of the family. However, the memories and good times associated with the homeland is what is important. The realization of this loss is what seemed to be the final obstacle. It’s easy to relate the life cycle of an orange to their eventual sentiments. An starts out as a mere flower that emerges into a full and ripe fruit, just as this homeland was the grounds in which they shared and grew up on. Once the family left their homeland, they left behind their memories just as if we left behind an orange and were unable to eat it. However, as the orange begins to shrivel up and die, the orange loses all meaning. Just as the memories and thoughts established as a child s tart to disappear in a saddening fashion at the end of the short story. The oranges used throughout the book that related back to their homeland were used to show the obstacles that the family was put through migrating from their Palestinian home.Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. 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Genetic Factors Of Gene Mutation - 1801 Words

Gene mutation is an official change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations are affected by the change in the DNA sequence. (U.S NLM, Para I) There can be many different types of mutations. Some examples are point mutations, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frame shift mutation, silent mutation, deletion, insertion, and duplication. These mutations can either occur naturally or actually made to happen. Mutations can have a huge impact that can be beneficial or unhelpful. (Mutations, Para IV) Mutations can occur in humans, animals, or plants. Mutations affect today’s society in many ways. Mutations can be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors, or they may be caused by mistakes in cellular machinery. Chemical or physical agents that induce mutations in DNA are called mutagens and are said to be mutagenic. Exogenous factors are those that are in the environment such as sunlight, radiation, and smoking can cause mutations. Endogenous factors are those errors during DNA replication can lead to genetic changes as can poisonous products of cellular metabolism. Mutations can be advantageous and lead to an evolutionary benefit of a certain genotype. Mutations can also be harmful or deleterious, which means it could cause diseases, development delays, structural abnormalities, or some other effects. (Mutations, II) There are four types of nucleotides. They all have a different nitrogenous bases which are thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine. These fourShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Genetic Testing Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of genetic information has drawn repeated attention from insurance companies in recent years. Especially the introduce of genetic testing in the industry, which can help set the level of cost of premiums for different groups of the population as well as assess the risk. 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Culture-Bound Syndromes Free Essays

Mental health functioning is important regarding a person’s well-being, being able to interact with others in a healthy manner, and contributes many things to individual’s through communities and society. Culture-bound syndromes are conditions that are specific to particular cultures. The cultures that experience, express, and deal with culture-bound syndromes in different ways is extremely common. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture-Bound Syndromes or any similar topic only for you Order Now LaVeist and Thomas (2005) state that â€Å"culture-bound syndromes are clusters of symptoms more common in some cultures than others† (p. 01). There are symptoms that are found in all nations, cultures, and similarly recognizable worldwide but yet are different at the same time. Culture-Bound Syndromes Culture-bound syndromes, also known as culture-specific syndromes, have been defined as â€Å"clusters of symptoms more common in some cultures than in other cultural groups† (LaVeist amp; Thomas, 2005, p. 101). Although many mental disorders are well known in specific cultures, these disorders are at least somewhat conditioned by the culture in which they are found.More importantly, the topic of culture-bound syndromes has â€Å"been a controversial topic since they have reflected the different opinions of anthropologists and psychiatrists† (WHO, 1992). Consequently, researchers have had some difficulty emphasizing culture specific dimensions of certain syndromes. Some studies have suggested that the most beneficial aspect of defining culture-bound syndromes is that they represent an acceptable way to define s pecific cultural responses to certain situations. According to Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999), â€Å"researchers have referred to culture bound research on culture-bound syndromes serves strategically to tighten the integration between cultural and clinical knowledge, while providing insights into issues of diagnostic universality and culturally specificity† (p. 1326). The role of biology in the development of culture-bound syndromes, therefore, has proved to be of debate. Interest in culture-bound syndromes has increased over the last few decades.Similarly the treatment in a diagnostic classification treatment of these disorders has over the last several years gained attention (Guarnaccia amp; Rogler, 1999). Clinicians are presented with plenty of challenges when dealing with culture-bound syndromes such as how to diagnose them. Several questions clinicians present include the stability of culture-bound syndromes, the common nature of these disorders across cultures, and the similarity of symptoms between syndromes (APA, 1994) . Similarly, the question of whether culture-bound syndromes should be included in the diagnostic criteria of current psychological illnesses or as individual entities themselves is also debatable (APA, 1994). Another issue concerns the relationship between culture bound syndromes and standard diagnostic systems such as the DSM. Of specific concern is that they do not easily conform to the categories within the DSM due to significant differences across cultures.These differences are due to differing views of self and reality as well as the different ways cultures express certain disorders (APA, 1994). Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999) referring to the DSM classification system in that it addresses certain concerns about differing cultural boundaries, and in dealing with the classification methods certainly deal with the reliability and validity of the non-universality of cultural experiences in relation to mental illnesses.The fact that each culture-bound syndrome is individually associated with particular sets of illness responses, it is difficult to define precisely the definition of the culture-bound syndromes as a unit. Culture-bound syndromes as therefore comprised as several different illnesses and afflictions. LaVeist and Thomas (2005) thoroughly expresses the dynamic nature of culture-bound syndromes when they state: The symptoms of mental disorders are found in all nations and in all cultures; there are recognizable symptoms that are common worldwide.Mental health researchers have not yet been able to determine whether culture bound syndromes are indicative of one or more possibilities that include distinct disorders that exist only in specific cultures, and reflect different ways in which individuals from different cultures express mental illness, as well as reflecting different ways in which the social and cultural environment interact with genes to produce disorders, or any combination of these. (pp. 01) With the following information in mind, it should be noted that not all disorders are considered pathological; some behaviors are seen as ways of expressing and communicating distress to members of a certain culture and are seen as culturally accepted responses (APA, 1994). In fact, cultures experience, express, and cope with feelings of distress in various ways that may counter what Western societies see as common. Furthermore, at times these cultural differences are referred to as idioms of distress.Understanding the expression of these idioms (for example somatization, which is a physical representation of distress that is typically accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal or chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness or vertigo, and blurred vision) allows clinicians to be more aware of the diagnoses they give (LaVeist amp; Thomas, 2005). Culture-bound syndromes can also appear to be similar within several cultures. Furthermore, a culture specific syndrome can be categorized by various things.The APA (1994) characterizes culture specific syndromes as the following: categorization as a disease in the culture, familiarity within a widespread culture, people with lack of familiarity of specific conditions from other cultures, and the use of folk medicines that particular cultures use as a conditioned sense of usage within a specific culture. More specifically, culture-bound syndromes are not the same as geographically localized diseases with specific biological causes, such as kuru or sleeping sickness, or genetic conditions limited to certain populations, like sickle cell anemia (APA, 1994).Discussions of culture-bound syndromes have often concerned the amount of different categories of syndromes present in the world today. Many culture-bound syndromes are actually specific cultural representations of illnesses found e lsewhere in the world. Some of these responses are not necessarily psychological illnesses but rather are explanatory mechanisms like witchcraft (Simons amp; Hughes, 1985). Beliefs in witchcraft could seem to be a little farfetched as a type of culture-bound illness; however, it is supposed that witchcraft can lead to behaviors that can be seen as disordered.This concept is of particular concern to medical and psychiatric anthropologists because culture-bound syndromes provide examples of how cultural specific symptoms can evolve into psychological illnesses. Just because these responses may not begin as disorders, however, does not devalue the fact that they are illnesses and should be taken seriously (Simons amp; Hughes, 1985). The American Psychiatric Association (1994), states that the Western scientific perspective characterizes culture specific syndromes as imaginary and has no way of clearly being able to show why someone cannot understand that perspective.According to the APA (1994), physicians will share many things about a disorder with the patients and help them try to understand how they see their particular disorder; they also use folk med icine treatment if the patient asks for that if it is a culture-bound syndrome. Another thing is that a physician may falsify a patients perspective to offer folk medicine treatments that are available or maybe for a new and improved treatment strategy. Lastly, the clinician should educate the patient on being able to recognize their condition as a culture-bound syndrome so that the clinician may treat them as they see fit. Guarnaccia and Rogler (1994) said that specific conditions are very challenging within medical care and illustrate rarely discussed aspects of fundamental aspects of physician to patient relationships, a diagnosis that is the best fit for the way of looking at the body and its diseases are easily negotiated if both parties can be found. Restrictions of the diagnostic classification systems of culture-bound syndromes have complications with certain additions within the iagnostic classification systems and have raised many questions. It is not quite clear on whether culture-bound syndromes are actually different from conventional syndromes or if they are just categorically different. Some people like to argue that some culture-bound syndromes are not just limited to specific cultures but are widely experienced throughout the world. Many of the syndromes that have been labeled as culture- bound are compromised by many mixtures of indicators that have been witnessed collectively.Culture- bound syndromes are lacking in diagnostic regularity and legitimacy making it extremely difficult to reach widespread straightforward criteria to describe these illnesses because of problems in language. â€Å"In the development of the DSM, its designers tried to create a diagnostic system that was well-suited with a broader and more worldwide medical organization system that is, the International Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD) developed by the World Health Organization† (WHO, 1992). Therefore, the DSM implements a medical model of diagnosis for which many mental disorders, regardless of whether their background is biological or psychological, is viewed as mental illnesses and requires treatment. Furthermore, this model is implicit and assuming that mental disorders are under the compromise of behavioral or psychological symptoms that can form definable patterns or distinct forms of a particular syndrome (Guarnaccia amp; Rogler, 1994).The authors of the DSM definitely made a careful choice to accept a clear-cut categorization of mental illnesses. It is important to notice, however, that the DSM does not make the assumption that all mental disorders are discreet entities with absolutely no boundaries. Finally, before methodology is discussed, examples of what culture-bound syndromes actually are is important to include. The case of Koro â€Å"provides an example of shifting diagnostic classifications because of changing decisions about which symptoms are predomin ant.For example, Koro was first categorized as a somatoform disorder on the basis of the perception of the afflicted person’s intense preoccupation with a somatic concern, the retraction of the penis† (Bernstein amp; Gaw, 1990). â€Å"More recently, Koro was categorized as an anxiety disorder and noted that others have associated Koro with panic disorders† (Levine amp; Gaw, 1995, p. 1323). Second, the debate of the relationship between culture-bound syndromes and psychiatric disorders according to symptoms is evident in the case of Latah Levine amp; Gaw, 1995). More specifically, â€Å"a debate about Latah focuses on which theoretical perspective should prevail; Simons and Hughes argued that the predominant feature of Latah is the neurophysiological startle reflex, culturally elaborated into Latah in Malaysia† (Simons amp; Hughes, 1985, p. 1323). Therefore, each disorder represents responses specific to certain cultures while also explaining the different ways cultures respond to events. MethodUnderstanding culture-bound syndromes requires looking at multiple sources that give a broad range of information regarding the topic. For this paper I felt that it was necessary to use the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders because it gives plenty of information regarding culture-bound syndromes. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is extremely useful in the fact that it allows a health educator to become more acquainted with culture-bound syndromes that are unique and unusual to our specific field of study.Guarnaccia and Rogler and their research on culture-bound syndromes is informational in that they give a comprehensive look at culture-bound syndromes through the classification system and allow one to focus more on specific syndromes, such as Koro and Latah. LaVeist and Thomas from Chapter 5 in Minority Populations and Health are really informational along the lines of mental health, mental illness, and mental health problems.They give a more thorough explanation of basic background information on the previously stated informati on and topics and yet still remain in-depth when looking at specific aspects of mental health. They describe mental health, mental health problems, and mental illness in more detail and allow for the interpretation of others reading their work to help fuel one’s own judgments on those topics. I also used various sources to address other topics relevant to culture-bound syndromes. For example, Bernstein and Gaw specifically addressed Koro, which I used as an example of a culture-bound syndrome.Another example, Simon and Hughes addressed Latah, I felt it was necessary to use examples of both Koro and Latah to help show what culture-bound syndromes were exactly and what they meant to cultures that were not American and how the cultures that were affected by these syndromes. The method I used for identifying and locating sources mainly dealt with trying to find a broad aspect of culture-bound syndromes and basic information on this particular subject. The rationale for choosing the specific sources was along the lines of being able to find enough useable information that could allow me to get my points across.When searching the electronic databases and the library at Central Arkansas University I was mainly looking for a broad range of topics that could fulfill the various information needs I had for this paper. I wanted to look at the topic on multiple levels, including cross-cultural, the way culture-bound syndromes affect others, and the ways in which these disorders are specifically associated with mental illness. Analysis amp; Discussion The grouping of culture-bound syndromes into qualified diagnostic categories usually is based on a perception of their principal indicators. But the bigger issue itself of classifying a majority of symptoms is definitely challenging, as exemplified in the cases of Koro and Latah. Problems most definitely arose when conclusions were built on general, typical descriptions of the syndrome that are then linked with the textbook criteria of psychiatric diagnoses. The present method of studying the same set of readings and engaging in the classification process with them does not, from my viewpoint, promote the consideration of culture-bound syndromes.The approach of trying to find the right classificatory organization by basing it on the similarity between certain symptoms that include maybe one or two of the same grouping within the syndrome as well as the DSM groupings as the main organizing arrangement of significance to the culture-bound syndromes is not expected to produce new answers to the questions about the classification system. There are many syndromes that have different names that are seen from a variety of cultur es that are basically the same set of behaviors, but culturally are explained in slightly different ways.Occasionally, on certain remote instances the arrangement of the behavior that is recognized as a culture-bound syndrome occurs in an area that is far from individuals where the termed and elaborated syndrome is an endemic. Conclusion amp; Recommendations Some major challenges that can help the classification system out is that the same distress responses may be stated differently as a result of cultural cues, language variances, and changes in experience. In addition, the American Psychiatric Association (1994) notes that some examples of cultural structuring and or human behavior knowledge regarding illnesses are stated in Western classification systems more commonly known as the DSM. Thus, the challenge to categorize culture bound syndromes, whether as diverse syndromes or as part of an already categorized illness, is an activity that is inseparably tied to a certain culture. Also it has been suggested the ways that cultures and their social methods can limit the expansion of an internationally valid system of identification.Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999) suggests that classification of culture-bound syndromes are better than recording symptoms due to the fact that examining the context and symbolic structure of cultural reactions yield a better turnout. The main themes of most discussions over culture-bound syndromes is that such illnesses personalize symptom patterns that are somewhat linked in some significant way to the specific c ultural setting in which they have occurred within.Because most of the syndromes are separate from the theoretical outlook of the Western medicine systems, they are quite often disregarded in serious analyses and therefore are carelessly overlooked for helpful mediations. These disorders appear to reside in a figurative twilight zone of psychiatric diagnosis and are viewed as highly mysterious. To nearly everyone, the behavior and outlooks common to one’s own culture seem natural and/or rational in most parts, while those derived from other cultures appear abnormal, culture-specific, or arising from irregular conditions.Most clinicians are more than likely to think through the justification of culture when presenting a patient’s problem, especially when he or she is from a cultural setting other than the clinician’s own. However, cultural factors are a considerable part of every disorder and expressive in the outlook of specific components. Nonetheless, all psychiatric illnesses are culture bound to a certain degree. The divisions of psychiatric illnesses of culture-bound syndromes are those found only in inadequate cultural areas.Though culture does shape all illness behavior, it is always hypothetically informative to ask why any given syndrome appears to be present or not in a given culture. In recent years, the mindfulness of cultural diversity and of the role of culture in all illnesses has greatly been improved. Because of the interpretations into the relationships between individual psychopathology and culturally firm practices and beliefs that the study of culture-bound syndromes offers, an interest in these syndromes has grown greatly over the past several years.Health educators in dealing with culture-bound syndromes would be able to help Center for Disease Control officials in many aspects. Since culture-bound syndromes are very common among many cultures around the world, health educators who deal with particular syndromes could help assess and implement many programs that can help with assessing many syndromes that afflict many cultures throughout the world. In a classroom setting, health educators can teach students how to spot syndromes and treat them to an extent in which helps their particular culture, community or society.Health education programs that are implemented within colleges and universities can stress that culture-bound syndromes are very serious and need to be treated like any other mental health disease that we as educators deal with and try to diagnose every day. I believe that policies and procedures that are already implemented within our culture are doing a good job in trying to handle culture-bound syndromes. Educationally, I believe that there are definitely some great programs that try to help with identifying and dealing with culture-bound syndromes. References American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: DSM-IV. Washington, DC. Bernstein, R. L. , amp; Gaw, A. C. (1990). Koro: proposed classification for DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1670-1674. Guarnaccia, P. J. , amp; Rogler, L. H. (1999). Research on culture-bound syndromes: New directions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(9), 1322-1327. Hall, T. M. (2008). Culture-bound syndromes in China. Retrieved from http://homepage. mac. com/mccajor/cbs. html LaVeist, T. A. , amp; Thomas, D. (2005). Mental health. In T. A. LaVeist (Ed. Minority populations and health: An introduction to health disparities in the United States (pp. 83-107). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Levine, R. E. , amp; Gaw, A. C. (1995). Culture-bound syndromes. Psychiatry Clinic North America, 18, 523-536. World Health Organization (WHO). (1992). International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD-10): Classification of mental and behavioral disorders. Geneva, Switzerland. Simons, R. C. , amp; Hughes, C. C. (1985). The culture-bound syndromes: Folk illnesses of psychiatric and anthropological interest. Dordrecht, Netherlands. How to cite Culture-Bound Syndromes, Papers

Realist Evaluation of Leadership Development

Question: Discuss about the Realist Evaluation of Leadership Development. Answer: Introduction: Systemic thinking may be defined as the analytical study of a particular disciple within a system that examines the different connections and the linkages among its different components that make up the system. This study provides a systematic approach in understanding, evaluation and discussing about the design and construction of the components of an organization. An organization is in turn a complex composition of a large number of interconnected systems comprising human and non human compositions that need to work in harmony with each other. This will ensure the whole organization to function successfully. Professor Forrester was the first person who came up with the concept of systemic thinking where he has described the systemic thinking as the procedure which has allowed people in understanding the different components of the social systems and how they are linked with each other (Hester and Adams 2014). This in turn helps such people in making alterations in the system to att ain the better result and maintain sustainability. The systemic thinking is quite different from the traditional thinking approach. Traditional thinking approach mainly depends on the separation of the individual components of the social system and analyses each of the broken parts separately to alter any if needed. However system thinking is different in the sense as it focuses its analysis about how each of the components of a social system being intricately associated and interacts with other components in the system (Segatto et al. 2013). Therefore unlike traditional thinking which relies on breaking components and studying the isolated components, systemic thinking depends on the studying how interactions among the components work in order to handle a particular issue. Often this has found to yield conclusions which are much effective than those provided by traditional thinking especially in case of complex dynamic processes (Kwamie, VanDijk and Agyepong 2014). The essay will mainly portray the logical explanation about how systemic thinking can be included in the modern day corporate management to develop ways which will help in solving different sustainability challenges. In order to do so, the main complex topic that will be chosen is the appointments of women in higher executive roles in corporate of Australia. It will show how systemic thinking when applied will help in dissecting the important roles of higher executives and how involvement of women in such positions will help to meet better results for the organization. With the increasing trend of gender equality, women have crossed many barriers of culture, traditions, mental backlogs, stigmas and many others and had been able to establish themselves in same position with the males in the society. It has been seen in several instances where a male and a female had engaged themselves in successful partnerships while maintain household chores and had been successful in harmonious living on personal front (Paxton and Hughes 2016). However, similar such scenario is not visible in the corporate sectors of Australian firms. Studies reveal that in numbers of women gradually decrease when an individual studies this number in ever ranks of an organization. Very few numbers of women are found to be present in the higher ranks and their number is comparatively very less than the males (Morley 2014). This situation raises a number of questions. A number of doubts here arise like about the belief of the society on the credibility of women in corporate sectors, different traditional constraints that work on women liberty, a womens own priority and liking of personal and family matters over corporate sectors and many others. Recently, governments of every nation are trying their best to introduce the concept of empowerment of women to attain stability in each and every prospect of the nation. The nations explain empowerment of women as the attempt to develop a multidimensional social process that had helped women to gain control over their own lives (Sweden 2014). By this process, they had mainly tried to foster power in people which can be used in their own lives and also in communities, societies, organizations, acting on important issues and others. They have mainly portrayed the importance of dealing with womens continued disadvantage to that of men and that is clearly reflected in different economic, socio cultural an different political spheres. This empowerment helps them to reach a concept of gender equality. This gives her a chance of accessing opportunities and resources that will provide her large number of options she can pursue both at home and the organization where she may work for (Bacha 2014). This has resulted in UN suggesting that there are proven synergies between women empowerment and social, economic and environmental sustainability. Inclusion of women in corporate sectors of Australia have already shown that the gross domestic product of Australia have increased than what was there before the concept of women empowerment came into being. However, it had been surprising to find that the higher positions in most of the renowned corporate sectors of Australia have very few females with a larger number of male executives enjoying the positions. As a result, on critically conducting the systemic thinking procedure and researching the interconnections that women share with each and every component of the organization and with different aspects of society, much important information came into the views (Ibarra, Ely and Kolb 2013). Although the government and also different organizations are promoting the concept of women empowerment, but efforts are found to be half-hearted. On thorough analysis, it was found that not all had a clear concept of the differences between men and women as the concepts are poorly understood . Many harbor the idea that women and men have different neurobiology and cultural training and therefore their behaviors are programmed, culturally influenced and hardwired in brains (Grover 2015). Therefore even when a woman exhibits a proper professional style, approach, communication, leadership values, decision making and positive energy, they are not properly valued and respected. This is mainly due to preconceived notion of the society. Often there is also clashes of women priorities and styles with dominant cultures that demean the moral values of women. Moreover many corporate also do not value the leadership style of women which contains of empathy, emotional cue taking and others as they believe them to be weakening attributes to achieve the mission of the corporate sector. Many corporate also do not prefer the concept of whole self authenticity that a woman usually provides in her workplace. Most researches show that women are very much comfortable portraying authenticity and transparency in their workplace but many corporate usually led by male employers do not prefer such attributes in higher officials and believe such transparency is always not effective in leaderships (Cook and Glass 2014). Moreover it is also believed by a large number of corporate heads that women have large pressures on them as they are the prime care givers of their children and family. They believe as they laws remain in pressure in managing more than one domain in their life; their dedication towards work gets divided. Therefore corporate believes that women can never priorities work more than male and therefore they believe in order to have more productivity, males are more helpful (Mulcahy and Linhem 2014). This is one explanation which can provide a background of the depth of women in the higher executive ranks. Moreover there is another theory which states that women mainly visualizes their work is as one part of a pie and that is they are not ready to dedicate themselves fully to work. This study also says that men are mostly dedicated to work wholly and can even work above their scheduled hours. This extra dedication often makes women to be a second choice when an employer appoints a particular employee to a higher rank. The belief of a woman having more priorities in her lives other than work and therefore not paying full attention to work has been often found among corporate employers. They believe that extreme work requires extreme dedication and so women are not capable of handling them. Marginalizing of women is still a stigma in the 21st century even when people shout of feminism. There had been often debates about the extent of help that the women have received. When analyzing the connections of women with society in a systemic thinking procedure, it can be seen that women are still sidelined, diminished, suppressed and discriminated (Ferreira and Gyorko 2014). They are though less because they are women only. Their leadership skills are often critically challenged. All these are barriers that are preventing women to take one of the highest positions in the corporate sectors. In many cases women are deprived of their rank and are prevented to move upwards in their position. These are often found to demotivate women. After applying same dedication to work like a male colleague and seeing him to be upgraded in his career leaving her behind for just being a woman will definitely affect herself respect and ego. This may lead her to depression where she may not provide her best which she was previously been able to. These will not only harm her career but will also affect her family economically. Similar such cases will result in challenges in economic sustainability of the nation as the gross domestic product will decrease. Moreover the corporate sector will highly suffer due to the lack of presence of women in their workplaces as women tend to bring with them different innovative ideas and suggestions that can never be produced by men (Akpinor 2013 ). Loss of valuable ideas will affect the strategic management of corporate sectors also affecting the economic prospects of the company. Moreover investors will strictly try to avoid such negative workforces which do not allow the involvement of both genders in the decision making scenarios as they will always prefer a diverse workforce. While analyzing the women and their linkage with management skills at corporate sectors, it is found that there are many important aspects possessed by women but are not shown in men. Different studies have shown that women possess an exceptional skill of taking initiatives at work and have wonderful communication skill. These skills are much more polished than the men and are even expressed in ways which never affect the ego and self respect of the opposite persons. They also show the attributes of openness that tends to bring better result in the workplace than the male counterparts. They also have a very impressive skill of innovating strategies that are out of the box and are often helpful in achieving goals which could not be achieved by other male members. Women also practice better sociability due to better skill of communication. They can utilize their inquisitiveness in positive ways and building strong social bonds with different stakeholders. These often bring benefits to the corporate sectors by earning more clients and that results in more business. They are more supportive to their colleagues and they have a helping behavior for which any person who is confused or need help can easily approach her for help. Moreover, it is also seen that women are more methodological in their management skill than men who helps the workers under her to develop clarity in their respective roles. This helps them to work properly and achieve their targets easily (McGowan et al. 2015). They goal setting is done after thorough research d analysis and therefore is often achievable by the team. All the above mentioned prospects make women capable for handing any leadership position in the corporate sectors. Women executives manufacture confidence, attract strong peer communities, bring emotional literacy to the working teams, necessarily efficient, have motivation to succeed against odds, see work with more parity and are great to set as an example. Hence modern women sh ould be made executives so that they get chances of exhibiting their skills and bring more revenue to the company. From the entire essay, it can be stated that systemic thinking had helped one to look into the different connections that women can establish with the organization she works for and also with the society where she thrives in. While studying the linkages and connections that women establish with the components in the corporate lives, one can understand the various reasons that prevent women from getting an executive position in the corporate sectors. The essay has portrayed the important barriers that women face and also denotes the various conceptions that our patriarchal society has about women and their capabilities. In order to overcome the different sustainability challenges that the organizations and the societies are facing due to such stigmas and misconceptions, a proper education for both of them is vey necessary. Therefore all the positive aspects of women as a career centric person and the various skills that they possess have been demarcated. These would help the society a nd also the corporate sectors to look beyond their preconceived notions and take steps to attain economic stability. References: Akpinar-Sposito, C., 2013. Career barriers for women executives and the Glass Ceiling Syndrome: the case study comparison between French and Turkish women executives.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,75, pp.488-497. Bacha, E., 2014. The relationship between transformational leadership, task performance and job characteristics.Journal of Management Development,33(4), pp.410-420. Cook, A. and Glass, C., 2014. Women and top leadership positions: Towards an institutional analysis.Gender, Work Organization,21(1), pp.91-103. Ferreira, F. and Gyourko, J., 2014. Does gender matter for political leadership? The case of US mayors.Journal of Public Economics,112, pp.24-39. Grover, V.K., 2015. Second generation gender bias: Invisible barriers holding women back in organizations.IJAR,1(4), pp.1-4. Hester, P.T. and Adams, K.M., 2014. The Why of Systemic Thinking. InSystemic Thinking(pp. 125-153). Springer International Publishing. Ibarra, H., Ely, R. and Kolb, D., 2013. Women rising: The unseen barriers.Harvard Business Review,91(9), pp.60-66. Kwamie, A., van Dijk, H. and Agyepong, I.A., 2014. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: realist evaluation of the Leadership Development Programme for district manager decision-making in Ghana.Health Research Policy and Systems,12(1), p.29. Kwamie, A., van Dijk, H. and Agyepong, I.A., 2014. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: realist evaluation of the Leadership Development Programme for district manager decision-making in Ghana.Health Research Policy and Systems,12(1), p.29. McGowan, P., Cooper, S., Durkin, M. and O'Kane, C., 2015. The influence of social and human capital in developing young women as entrepreneurial business leaders.Journal of Small Business Management,53(3), pp.645-661. Morley, L., 2014. Lost leaders: Women in the global academy.Higher Education Research Development,33(1), pp.114-128. Mulcahy, M. and Linehan, C., 2014. Females and precarious board positions: Further evidence of the glass cliff.British Journal of Management,25(3), pp.425-438. Paxton, P. and Hughes, M.M., 2016.Women, politics, and power: A global perspective. CQ Press Sandberg, S., 2013.Lean in: Women, work, and the will to lead. Random House. Segatto, M., Ins Dallavalle de Pdua, S. and Pinheiro Martinelli, D., 2013. Business process management: a systemic approach?.Business Process Management Journal,19(4), pp.698-714. Sweden, S., 2014. Women and men in Sweden: Facts and figures 2014.

I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No Essay Example

I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No Paper In this essay I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No. James Bonds real name is Sean Connery. The producers of the film are Harry Saltzman and Albert Broccoli. The director is Terence young. The film was first shown in 1962. It was a big hit. For the scene that I am analysing, I will talk about what happens in the scene, the music that accompanies the scene, and how it fits the action, how well Connery acts in the scene, the camera shots and the camera angles and how well they help to add tension to the scene, the lighting techniques and how ell these add tension, how the scene is staged and how the audience would react when it was first shown. The scene starts with Connery asleep. He is suddenly woken up by an object crawling up his body. He doesnt move to avoid getting hurt. He also starts to sweat because he is very nervous. This tells us that what ever is under his bed sheets is very dangerous enough to make him not move and also to make him sweat. The object slowly reaches near to the top of the bed sheets. This is a tense moment because know one knows what it is so everybody is waiting it to come out from the top of the sheets. When it finally comes out from the top of the sheets everybody is terrified firstly of the huge, hairy legged spider and secondly of the spider being on top of Connery. The spider slowly walks up towards Connerys head. The spider walking slowly on Connery makes the audience feel that they are in that position. As the spider slowly crawls up Connery he tries not to move but he tracks the spider with his eyes as carefully as he can. He does this to look out for a good chance for him to make a mov e. The spider crawls up to his shoulders at this point the audience think that it is going to go onto his face it might even put his hairy legs into his mouth. This makes the audience actually feel what Connery is feeling. The spider suddenly changes direction and crawls off his shoulders and onto the pillow. At this point the audience is relieved but it isnt over yet. Once Connery is safe, he jumps out off the bed onto the floor and kills the spider with an object; probably his shoe. He hits the spider 5 times. He slowly gets, up leans against the wall, runs his hand through his hair and exits the room slowly and shocked. The audience is relieved. We will write a custom essay sample on I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on I am going to analyse a scene from the first ever James bond film Dr No specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer At the opening of the scene we hear natural sounds such as crickets. When the spider arrives on to the scene we hear the flute. This suggests that the spider is dangerous. When the spider starts to crawl up Connery arm the music goes up in steps, building tension for the audience. As the spider goes down Connerys arm the music goes down in steps. When the spider crawls off his arm the music goes very tense. When Connery runs around the bed the instruments start to play. When Connery hits the spider 5 times, the drums hit 5 times. In this scene that I am analysing there is no dialogue so all the tension has to be built by the music. Connery acts very nervous because of the poisonous spider that he is dealing with. Connery doesnt want to act very nervous because this wouldnt be following his theme. At the starting of the scene the camera moves down from the window, follows the light onto the bed where Connery is asleep. The camera then focuses on the object which is on Connery. The camera then focuses on Connerys face to show his reaction. The camera moves back to the spider which comes out of the bed sheets. The camera tracks the spider crawling up his arm. The camera keeps on switching between Connery and the spider. They do this to show how Connery reacts. This is also another way in which they create tension. When the spider eventually crawls onto the pillow the camera zooms out to show Connery running out of bed. When Connery has killed the spider the camera follows Connery slowly getting up and exiting the room. In this scene there is simple lighting. There is only one light source, this is the moon. In the room where Connery is asleep you see a mixture of light and dark. This emphasises how hot it is in the hotel room. The hotness of the room tells us that it is a tropical country and in tropical countries there is a lot of scorpions, spiders, snakes etc. The scene is a simple hotel in the room with no extra props such as a gun to take the audiences eyes off Connery and the spider. The door which Connery exits from is left open a bit so Connery can have a smooth exit and doesnt have to fiddle with the door lock. When this movie was first shown in 1960 you would expect the audience to react shocked because dangerous chemicals, explosives and poisonous spiders wont yet discovered. If the movie was shown today it would be very boring because all these things have been discovered and are old news. I think that the movie that I have watched is boring because it has no new discoveries in it. They also talk about things that have already been discovered. I liked some of the movie because it had lots of tension in it. You could also feel that you were in Connerys position.

Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance

Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance Abstract The historical perception of the distinction between Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance and others is traceable back to the great historical artists like Donatello and Michelangelo. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They are arguably big sculptors of the Italian Renaissance, who were both original and catalysts for revolution. Their works have realism through implementation of versatility, emotional and psychological effects. These aspects are evident among current sculptors. Thesis/Problem Statement â€Å"Significance of Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance† This is a research investigating and analyzing the different arguments on philosophical nature of Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance, from various art histories to the current state of affairs, with the aim of providing a personal point of view regarding the subject matter. Purpose/Significance of the Study The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the consequences and key concepts involved in the development of Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance and offer personal suggestions or opinions over the issue of relationship between various historical stages. Objectives of the Study This research paper lays down the need for finding the background of the understanding of various Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance over the relationship as presented by diverse great artists. The study is equally an assessment of differences of sculpture work at different times. Significance of the Study The key topics to be covered entail the focus over Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance. This is in the aim of finding the reasonable conclusion on this type of work. The Procedure of the Study/Research Methodology Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The paper highly utilizes the literature reviews to enable better understanding of the topic. Preparation of the research over the chosen topic will enhance and quantify the research as a study topic and prepare for respondents. Information collected will equally tabulate and assist in ranking the findings from various eras, and help to narrow the scope to the objectives of the research. The analysis of findings will then draw conclusions from generally analyzed data in the literature review. Literature Review Historical Overview The Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance is arguably one of the most reflective and productive period regarding the history of art. Some of the outstanding fields of Italian art include architecture, sculpture and painting. The early nineteenth century marked the revolution of art history. Good example of the sculptural work was by Donatello (Meyer Konody, 2010). The Italian renaissance saw a great combination between science and art. Today we cele brate heroic artists like Michelangelo and Titian who had genius personality that currently emphasize the need for enhanced creativity in artwork. According to Woods (2007), â€Å"Some men were both artists and scientists, notably Leonardo da Vinci and Piero Della Francesca. It is doubtful whether they would have understood our distinction between art and science.† Sculpture Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance have a close connection to architects. Like the cases of paintings, there is a great rebirth or revival of other forms such as sculptures and architectural designs. According to Detroit Institute of Arts (1995), traditionally, painting was a revival and the need for revert to appreciation of nature, reinforcement of architecture was in the course of the pressure for ancient histories or classical influences and renaissance of the sculptures was because of both the paintings and architecture. The revival of sculptures is traceable to the sixteenth century when art hist orians like Giorgio Vasari promulgated art. In line with Detroit Institute of Arts (1995), sculptors lack distinctive accuracy due to historical classical influences. Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Sculptors of the Italian Renaissance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Arguably, Nicola Pisano and the son, Giovanni Pisano were Italian architects and sculptors who form the basis of renaissance sculptural work. The art presents great ancient monuments such as the Roman Sarcophagus that gives the historical tale concerning Phaedra and Hippolytus in Pisa (Detroit Institute of Arts, 1995). Nicola work gave a combination of classic with Gothic elements, while the son, Giovanni had some reactions against classical tendencies and the reaction is evident in current international Gothic styles (Detroit Institute of Arts, 1995). Although the themes in Giovanni’s work are highly medieval, he has good advancement toward faithfulness to nature (Detroit Institute of Arts, 1995). The successors included paint artists such as Giotto, thus the Italian Renaissance present him as a fighter from the classical approaches through his own renditions and personality. According to Cox (2009), â€Å"The inscriptions he left on his work, especially the pulpit in the cathedral of Pisa, show an extraordinary sense of his own worth.† Artists have the tendency to leave behind self-praising unique signature on their works but Giovanni had a unique style of exalting his personal style compared to other artists of his style and time. Italian Renaissance has outstanding designs of simplicity and clarity. The artists carry on the aspects of individuality and self-consciousness. They present individual concepts or traits as a signature and expression of showing importance. The sculptural work is a huge revolution from the simple and direct work to enhance the illusions of space, charm and elegance for insta nce the grouping of objects to achieve architectural effects. Italian Renaissance is a conceited in Today’s advancement of sculptural work such as Dale Chihuly’s glassware. His contribution to artwork extends to greater heights today. The sculptor is reputable for enhancing change of glass art gallery from their original premise of solemn studio environment to better establishments where the lifestyles of art world involve the collaborative endeavours and a dissection of work forces within creative environments. He embraces the strategy of pulling a team of artists together with exceptional practice of glass blowing skills that is the foundation for complex multipart sculptures. His artwork places him to the leadership position concerning advancement of the blown glass from the confines of small, precious objects to highly structured sculptures and environmental arts.Advertising Looking for research paper on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Taragin (1995), Dale Chihuly was an art student at Florence who turned to be a prolific artist whose work balances content to properties of the glass material such as transparency or translucency. Today, sculptors of Italian Renaissance also use different material and style as a paramount strategy of enhancing creativity. Style emerges and gets it influences through the captivating processes that get over the boundaries, which separate all forms of arts. A good example of uniqueness is Dale’s room-sized installations of organic/plant like, freestanding sculptures that stylistically explore colour, contours and, assemblage fitting both indoor and outdoor. The artwork ranges from single and general structures to site specified or customized installations. Some of his unique but best and famous artworks include small designs or large sculptures placed on various surfaces to bring out the natural effects. The current styles incorporate the plastic polymers for the outdoor environments. Future trends Today, the sculptural Italian Renaissance has a wide vocabulary of exiting new elements depicting creativity. The blown forms have styles in terms of type of material, colour, texture and shapes. The artwork on paper reflects new interests due to incorporated prominent line element in majority of his styles. Some of the sculptural works such as blown glass depict optical moulds, thus producing surfaces with repeated ribbed designs. Another significant part of the style is the elongated sculptures with linear forms. We are able to enjoy a wide range of Italian Renaissance today especially in our lifestyles such as chandeliers, towers in our streets, and through art paperwork demonstrating similar linear qualities. Whether a sculptor communicates through pencil, painting or blown glass, the same style of attenuated lines still dominate the composition. Conclusion A person mesmerized by Italian Renaissance sculptural artwork cannot miss distinctiv e by unique styles as well as signatures. The artwork is formal, elegant, and extravagant. It also has a variety of dramatic emotional and visual effects due to incorporated colour themes, baroque, dazzling, and enormous appeals that traditionally lacked in majority of the art forms. Evidently, the imagery style of an artist is strongly evident even when there is some historical decorative aspiring in an art form. Initially, the aspect of harmonizing distinctive element to form decorative artwork was not evident in majority of the artworks. For a glass blower such as Dale Chihuly, the diversity of form in terms of colour, design complexity and interplay with glass transparency the outcome is a very different world of design. Italian renaissance has always had a strong engagement to nature and thus has brought out the engagement with nature in such a perfect and impressive way. References Cox, K. (2009). Old Masters and New. South Carolina, SC: BiblioBazaar LLC Publishers. Print De troit Institute of Arts. (1995). Italian renaissance sculpture in the time of Donatello: An exhibition to commemorate the 600th anniversary of Donatellos birth and the 100th anniversary of the Detroit Institute of Arts. Michigan, MI: Founders Society, Detroit Institute of Arts. Meyer, A. Konody, P. (2010). Donatello. South Carolina, SC: BiblioBazaar LLC Publishers. Print Sayre, H. (2007).A World of Art. Fifth Ed. New Jersey, NJ: Pearson, Taragin, D. (August 1995). Racine Art Museum: Curator. The  Detroit Institute of Arts, Toledo Museum of Art. Vol. 56, No. 8, p. 10-14. 4 Nov 2010. Woods, K. (2007). Making Renaissance art. London, UK: Yale University Press. Print

Analytical report of a case study-Operation Management Essay

Analytical report of a case study-Operation Management - Essay Example rt has successfully come up with suggestions as to how Grandiose must streamline its operations in order to minimise the requirement of disposable funds and at the time optimise the available space. Tenets of inventory management have been cited throughout the report in order to reinforce the recommendations. It has been suggested that Grandiose should undertake an extensive consumer research in order to envision the demands that it may face in the near future and hence plan its inventory accordingly. Simultaneously, it should also create long lasting associations with the automobile manufacturers and make use of the fact that manufacturers are enhancing their participation in supply chain relationships with dealers and customers. Grandiose Motors have turned a new leaf in its corporate history by becoming an auto supermarket wherein it will sell multiple brands of automobiles at the same location. The new dealership will be selling a line of Nissans, Toyotas and Volkswagens – premium cars that have been luring customers for years. However, it has been observed that the company is strained by woes pertaining mostly to operational constraints such as deployable funds, space and seasonality of purchase items. Based on a case study that describes the operations management at Grandiose, this report will aim at recommending to its CEO, Mr. Felix Fabulous the structural aspects that will help in bettering the purchasing as well as inventory functions in the context of the company’s dealership network. The report will also make attempts to outline the differences that may arise between policies and procedures pertaining to purchasing as well as inventory management. This area is found to be vital becau se automobile dealers characteristically purchase different types of materials and service parts. Finally, the report will try to throw light upon the areas of inventory management and supply chain management to evaluate how these may reduce the investment as well as

Economics (twin deficit) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics (twin deficit) - Essay Example The deficit has been covered through the borrowing from various agencies both foreign and domestic. The persistent current account deficit for last 20 years has given unprecedented amount of claims to foreign investors. It is always possible that at some time in future and specially if no corrective measures are urgently taken up, the situation may very well become challenging. The foreign claims are generally in the form of stock bonds, treasury issues, bank accounts and other types of financial securities. Foreign governments, their central banks and international agencies possess a sizable share of the claim. One way of looking at the present scenario is that America is becoming increasingly dependent on the imports while its export market is not showing substantial growth. Steady depreciation of the dollar in the international market is the indicator that decides the inflow of foreign investment in the country. When the dollar depreciates, there is more inflow of foreign goods and services. IMF in recent time has also cautioned US to take appropriate steps to curb its rising current account deficit. The report says that ‘the concern remains that at some time more adjustment will be needed to ensure that the global pattern of current account position remains consistent with the willingness of the international wealth holders to build up net claims on the United States’. The global economy has been advancing at a very fast rate and in the present circumstances when the global inter-dependence has become a norm, United States needs to moderate its consumption and spending and focus on issues that would help restrain the increasing growth of current account deficit. One must conclude that today statistics show that US needs to import $1 trillion of foreign capital every year. In the long run, it is highly unsustainable situation both in terms of

Stats1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stats1 - Essay Example For example, one may talk about the population of all individuals in US whose IQ is over 120; or one may talk about the population of all electric light bulbs ever produced by Phillips. Every population is characterized by measurable quantities called parameters. If parameter of a population is known, the whole population is known completely. Sample is a part of the population. The quantities measured from the sample are known as sample statistics. Sample statistics are used to estimate population parameters. While in a given population the parameter is constant, the value of statistic varies from one sample to the other. The population mean is a population parameter while average computed from a sample of size 20, say, from the same population, is a sample statistic which may be used to estimate the unknown population parameter. A different sample of size 20 may provide a different value of the sample mean. 3. When a sample is observed instead of the whole population, sampling error is caused. A sample is observed to understand the whole population. The population parameter is not known, but is estimated using the corresponding sample statistic. The difference between the parameter and the statistic is a measure of the sampling error. 4. An experiment is conducted under the control of an experimenter. An experiment is opposite of an observational research, where the researcher observes the study units and records observations. In an experiment, the researcher sets up the experimental conditions and controls them as per his/her research hypotheses. 5. This is an experimental study. Correlational study finds correlation among different variables from the same group of observations. Here two equivalent groups are compared in terms of effects of breakfast on performance. Finding correlation is not the aim of the study. But testing whether there exists any difference between the two otherwise equivalent groups when treated with two types of breakfast is the main ob jective. There is one case and one control group. Hence this is an example of experiment. 6. Nominal scale is essentially a classification. Even though the classes may have numerical identifications, such as 1, 2 etc, their nomenclature is important but not the values. Suppose in a town there are two groups of hospitals: general and mental. If general hospitals are called Group 1 and mental hospitals are called Group 2, this will be an example of nominal variable. If we interchange the order, there will be no effect. For ordinal scale the ordering is important, but by how much one level is more than the other, cannot be measured. Suppose blood pressure is classified as normal, high-normal and high. In this classification there is a hierarchy but the difference between normal and high-normal and high-normal and high cannot be quantified. Interval scale can compare the lengths of intervals. For example, if a flight starts at 6:00 hrs and reaches its destination at 8:30 hrs and another flight starts from the same origin at 6:30 hrs and reaches the same destination at 10:00 hrs, the lengths of the flights are comparable and the difference measurable. For interval scale measurements, the beginning and the end are fixed. In mathematical term, in interval scale there is no concept os an absolute zero. But it contains more information than ordinal scale variables, since its lengths are quantifiable, which is not possible in case of ordinal variable.

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff

The Influences Upon Steven Berkoff Upon studying Steven Berkoff as a practitioner I have always profoundly noted that his theories are very hard to define due to their ever changing and versatile nature. The lack of official documentation on Berkoffs theories makes it especially hard to fully comprehend what exactly the Berkovian performance style involves and dictates. Fortunately he has written a few journals which chronicle the rehearsal and creative process he has gone through for his various productions. Among these publications is Mediations on Metamorphosis (1995), a journal of Berkoffs time spent in Japan directing the tenth major production of Metamorphosis, and Coriolanus in Deutschland (1992) which chronicles the rehearsal process for his 1988 production of Coriolanus in Munich, Germany. However, these journals are primarily autobiographical and lack much theoretical context. In 1969, Steven Berkoff presented the debut of his adaptation of Frank Kafkas Metamorphosis at the Round House Theatre in London. Thi s production was significant because Berkoff serving for the first time as writer/adapter, director, and actor in a full-length project presented an aesthetic which would become identified as his artistic trademark. Metamorphosiscombined elements of Brechtian Epic Theatre by using actors to purposefully represent characters rather than become them; Antonin Artauds Theatre of Cruelty by breaking from traditional theatre texts and asking the actors to bare their inner thoughts as if they were human-sacrifices to create ritualistic theatre; Jean-Louis Barraults total-theatre by using all possible means to uncover the meaning conscious or otherwise of the play; and Jacques Le Coqs theories of mime, movement, masks, and ensemble, by using the performers to create the environment. Berkoff has also been seen to incorporate some of the visual techniques used in Kabuki, a highly stylized, highly rhythmic classicalJapanese form of theatre. Kabuki music rises about the body of the actor. I t does not impose itself upon the actor, but instead gives musical and rhythmic expression to his movement, and in doing so increases the flow of theatrical expressiveness toward the audience. (1974, p.113) Another aspect of Japanese Kabuki is evident in Berkoffs dealings with masks and face paint. Even though Berkoff appropriated production styles from others and adapted the spoken words from a novel, the end result was uniquely Berkovian. In Mediation of Metamorphosis (1995) Berkoff seems to somewhat challenge someone to define his style when he writes, More than ever I feel my work develop into a kind of school, not by rigid formula but by learning certain techniques which expand your ideology and communication skills. (1995, p.137) There are themes that have undeniably remained relatively constant throughout Berkoffs work, themes that can be seen as somewhat of a base to the Berkovian theoretical framework. These themes I speak of are routed mainly in the belief that the actors instincts should be trusted over all else and the job of theory is to help evoke these instincts. Berkoffs common themes of extensive physical expression, transformation, and over-exaggerated experimental emphasis upon the spoken word should therefore be used as a means to evoke and exaggerate the ac tor instincts when dealing with the character. The atmosphere is in the sound which should come from the throats of the actors. Therefore their sound can control and amplify their situation, since people make sounds as well as moving and speaking. This is total and human, and in this way you return to the actor his mimetic gifts and his oral expressiveness. At the same time one is seeing the situation in human terms, as a story told to us by players. (Gambit, 1978, p.17) Berkoff believes actors should create their own sounds and so breaks traditional mime conventions. Like many of Le Coqs students, Berkoff freely changes the pure form of mime to create his own individual style. Surprisingly Le Coq encourages this practice as it essential to his belief in allowing the actor to work as an individual, believing it is important to be open and not to copy the style of someone else because you will never be as good as he is. Each is better in his own style (Lust, p.106).In drawing from this extract it is clear that I believe Berkoff is often sometimes regarded too highly for originating his performance style when thinking in particular about his instruction of individual development. Most of his performance style is derived from Le Coq who has been proven to have firm roots in the practice of Commedia delle Arte. It seems that most of the Berkovian individuality stems from his Berkoffs own mannerisms. InModern and Post-Modern Mime, Thomas Leabhart summariz es the influences upon Le Coq: Lecoqsschool is one of those theatres that, rather than being a rsum of what has happened, has helped young performers find new directions and so revitalize the theatre. Lecoqs whole vision of the theatre is like Copeaus, remain on the fringes of the commercial theatre, not wanting to give themselves to it as it exists. They, like their teacher, work apart, preserve their artistic vision, nurture their strength, and steadily increase their power to influence the course of theatre history. (1989, p.101-102) Like Lusts definition of postmodern mime, Leabharts summary of Le Coqs influence is applicable to Berkoff. Previously in 1973, Berkoff and The London Group declared their own mission statement: To express drama in the most vital way imaginable; to perform at the height of ones powers with all the available means. That is, through the spoken word, gesture, mime and music. Sometimes the emphasis on one, sometimes on the other.(Theatre Quarterly, 1978, p.39) This philosophical statement is an ideal example of the constants that have remained throughout Berkoffs subsequent career; stylised movement, mime, exaggerated vocal work, direct address, asides, and improvisation are components of nearly every Berkovian performance. Berkoff expects actors to willingly sacrifice themselves physically and emotionally, ready to perform whatever tasks are necessary to illuminate the text. When dealing with texts, as a director, Berkoff does not seek to produce a literal reproduction of texts on stage. It rare to see Berkoff relying on the intent of the author, instead he uses the texts to relay his own ideas on stage. He hasnt denied this. He said himself said that his version of Hamlet (1979) was a dissection of the play (I am Hamlet, 1989), and his staging of Agamemnon was attempted as an analysis of the play rather than a realistic rendering. (2007, p.123) Berkoff predominantly always sees the set as his own responsibility as he believes that it is vital in accordance with his desired aesthetic and theoretical projection. Most of the time he is seen to use minimalist sets usually consisting of one stationary prop, a sofa or a table for example. He believes that any mental environment desired can be created using mime and so it is unnecessary for excessive use of props. Many of his works have been performed in tight close quarter environments with extensive use of glaring light and shadow which seek to emphasize the physical presence on stage. Forever on a quest for vitality Berkoff is very prone to break theatrical conventions, resulting in a style of heavily a contradictory nature. These contradictions are a spouse of his determination to see how I could bring mime together with the spoken word as its opposite partner, creating the form and structure of the piece (1995, p.53). Characteristics such as this can be easily traced to his training with Jacques Le Coq, whom Thomas Leabhart, author of And Post-Modern Mime (1989), as modern teaching mime to talk. (1989, p.101) To fuse these opposites, Berkoff relies on mime, a traditionally silent form, yet he cherishes the spoken word; his productions are very over-the-top energy wise yet depend on great subtlety; the actor should never show himself to be self-conscious yet his presented self is very much so; Berkoff carefully choreographs movement yet he encourages improvisation. Other sources of Berkovian theory is rooted in interviews and short articles (some of which Berkoff has written) which have been printed in various journals. One the most significant of these articles titled Three Theatre Manifestos. (1978) In an interview present in the Three Theatre Manisfestos (1978) Berkoff outlines his philosophy which, according to him, has changed little through the years; he summarizes his theories by stating: In the end there is only the actor, his body, mind and voiceThe actor exists without the playhe can improvise, be silent, mime, make sounds and be a witness. (1978, p.11) Another extract from Three Theatre Manifestos depicts Berkoff sounding remarkably similar to Antoni Artaud and his Threatre of Cruelty: Acting for me is the closest metaphor to human sacrifice on the stage; (1978, p.7) other echo the thoughts of Brecht By describing the accident, the witness becomes the accident; he is there reliving it. (1978, p.11) The visual elements of a Berkovian production are strikingly stark. Classical Greek theatre, Japanese Kabuki, and Vsevelod Meyerholds constructivism, are particularly influential on Berkoffs visual aesthetic.By mixing minimal sets with very theatrical costumes, masks, and lighting, the visual focus is on the actor. Though the costumes draw attention to themselves, they serve to emphasize the performer and help to create the environment and the characterization. To draw a conclusion on Berkoffs authenticity in theatre one must take at look at his work in a broader sense. Berkoffs contribution and influence upon theatre is clear, but his place as a name in history in questionable. Berkoffs performance aesthetic will undoubtedly always exist in various different forms but whether he will be credited with association is a question for future historians. However because his work is thoroughly grounded in the works of many famous theatre names his style will undoubtedly be incorporated into many future artists works knowingly or not. Bibliography: Berkoff, S (1995) Mediations on Metamorphosis, London: Faber and Faber Berkoff, S (1978) Three Theatre Manifestos.Gambit vol.32 p.7-21 Berkoff, S (1989) I am Hamlet. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, Interview with Anthony Claire.Anthony Claire Show. BBC Radio, London. N. dat. Berkoff, S (1996) Agamemnon and The Fall of the House of Usher. Oxford: Amber Lane Press Elder, B (1978) Doing the Inexpressible Uncommonly Well. Theatre Quarterly, p.37-43 Ernst, E (1974) The Kabuki Theatre, Hawaii, University of Hawaii Press Leabhart, T (1989) Modern and Post-Modern Mime. New York: St. Martins. Lust, A (2000) From the Greek Mimes to Marcel Marceau and Beyond: Mimes, Actors, Pierrots, and Clowns: A Chronicle Of The Many Visages Of Mime In Theatre. Kent, Scarecrow. Keefe, J (2007) Physical theatres: A Critical Reader, London, Routledge

George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London Essay -- Down and Out

George Orwell’s Down and Out in Paris and London Days without food, nights without shelter and clothes without buttons are reality for homeless people around the world. Many are incapable of escaping their poverty and can not seem to find a way out of their bleak oppression. The few that do escape often help each other find a way to make their lives better and do not forget how to maintain friendships. George Orwell’s novel, Down and Out in Paris and London, displays the ability of those in poverty to escape their horrific lot in life through friendships and connections. The common goal of shelter and freedom from oppression bonds many of the lower class. Many in poverty work together to find the best means to achieve their common goal through locating employment and safe places to sleep. Orwell tries to display the lower classes sense of friendship and commitment though his interactions with the people he meets while in poverty. The individuals he describes have the same dismal prospects and must try to find a way to overcome poverty. It is the common goal of freedom from oppression that bonds many of the lower class to work together to break free. Orwell’s experience in poverty helps him gain a strong understanding of class structure and the separation of the classes. The realization that many in poverty do not deserve to be oppressed causes Orwell to take political action and to search for a way to help those in oppression. With Orwell’s strong examples of the lower class working together, he tries to display his belief that a socialistic society can solve the separation of classes. Many of the lower class band together to survive in an inhospitable world. While in poverty, Orwell experiences first hand the b... ...truly progress. This realization helps Orwell develop many of his socialist views. Orwell wants to demonstrate that those in poverty are often forced to lead that lifestyle and can not better their societal position because of the government. The need to change the governmental system is critical to truly change society and to work towards a brighter and more equal future. Orwell’s experience in poverty opened his eyes to the disparities in classes, but more importantly, the ability of those in poverty to bond together to overcome oppression set an example that awakened an individual’s desire for governmental change. Works Cited - Beadle, Gordon B. â€Å"George Orwell’s Literary Studies of Poverty in England.† Twentieth Century Literature 24.2 (1978): 188-202. - Kazin, Alfred. â€Å"Not One of Us.† The New York Review of Books 21.10 (1984): 13-18.