The Obstacle of Migration Land of Oranges Essay - 704 Words

Obstacles of migration The way we battle through adversity and recover can often times define who we are. But sometimes no matter how you battle through adversity, coming out on top is impossible. This problem is expressed in the short story The Land of Sad Oranges by Ghassan Kanafani which reveals a story of the journey and settling of a family exiled from their homeland of Palestine. This family constantly recalls oranges and orange trees, which were very prevalent in their homeland. The oranges served as the physical and constant reminder of the families homeland, and the author uses the significance of the motif to show the obstacles faced by the people who are forced to move out of their country into their new home. While the†¦show more content†¦When the narrator see his father’s eyes imagining all the orange trees he left behind, the emotional hardship of accepting the loss of their homeland is presented. The oranges show the final obstacle the family must suffer through as a result of their migration. The final scene when the narrator finds a family member lying on a table with an orange next to it, â€Å" The orange was dried-up and shrivelled† (144). As discussed previously, the orange represents the homeland of the family. However, the memories and good times associated with the homeland is what is important. The realization of this loss is what seemed to be the final obstacle. It’s easy to relate the life cycle of an orange to their eventual sentiments. An starts out as a mere flower that emerges into a full and ripe fruit, just as this homeland was the grounds in which they shared and grew up on. Once the family left their homeland, they left behind their memories just as if we left behind an orange and were unable to eat it. However, as the orange begins to shrivel up and die, the orange loses all meaning. Just as the memories and thoughts established as a child s tart to disappear in a saddening fashion at the end of the short story. The oranges used throughout the book that related back to their homeland were used to show the obstacles that the family was put through migrating from their Palestinian home.Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MoreHindi Nibandh on Advantages of Mobile and Disadvantage17790 Words   |  72 Pagesthe Government of India. Shroff complained against the ‘indifference, if not discouragement’ with which the state treated entrepreneurs. At the same time as Shroff, but independently of him, a journalist named Philip Spratt was writing a series of essays in favour of free enterprise. Spratt was a Cambridge communist who was sent by the party in 1920s to foment revolution in the subcontinent. Detected in the act, he spent many years in an Indian jail. The books he read in the prison, and his marriageRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagestaxation, renege on their debts, and allocate the productive resources of society to their allies in return for economic beneï ¬ ts or political support. Consequently, economic institutions during the Middle Ages provid ed little incentive to invest in land, physical or human capital, or technology, and failed to foster economic growth. These economic institutions also ensured that the monarchs controlled a large fraction of the economic resources in society, solidifying their political power and ensuringRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 PagesCataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA and the College of William and Mary in 1983. 1 . Science-Social aspects-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bergman, Jules. 11. Asimov, Isaac, 1920. 111. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IV.College of William and Mary. V. Title. VI. Series. Q175.55.B88 1985 303.4’83 84-1 4 1 59 For sale by the Superintendent ofRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 PagesCataloging in PublicationData Burke, James, 1936The impact of science on society. (NASA SP ; 482) Series of lectures given at a public lecture series sponsored by NASA and the College of William and Mary in 1983. 1 . Science-Social aspects-Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Bergman, Jules. 11. Asimov, Isaac, 1920. 111. United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. IV.College of William and Mary. V. Title. VI. Series. Q175.55.B88 1985 303.4’83 84-1 4 1 59 For sale by the SuperintendentRead MoreProject Managment Case Studies214937 Words   |  860 Pagesachieved and, if so, how? What steps would you recommend? 4. Given the current noncooperative culture, how long will it take to achieve a. good cooperative project management culture, and even excellence? 10 CLARK FAUCET COMPANY 5. What obstacles exist in getting marketing and engineering to agree to a singular methodology for project management? 6. What might happen if benchmarking studies indicate that either marketing or engineering are at fault? 7. Should a singular methodology for projectRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages it is forwarded to the project priority Chapter 2 Organization Strategy and Project Selection 45 FIGURE 2.4B Risk Analysis for a 500-Acre Wind Farm What are the three major risks for this project? 1. Federal incentives curtailed 2. Land use injunction 3. Energy price decrease Risk 1 above What is the probability of the above risks occuring? 0 to 1.0 none high Risk 2 above Risk 3 above Risk 1 above Risk 2 above Risk 3 above No .30 .20 .10 1.0 .30 .10 What is the impact on projectRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagescompanies and organizations do to facilitate diversity? Here are a few suggestions:24 ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   ââ€"   Enlist leadership from all levels to accomplish diversity goals. Identify goals, barriers, obstacles, and solutions and develop a plan to meet goals and overcome obstacles. Develop awareness through training, books, videos, and articles. Use outside speakers and consultants, as well as internal resources, to determine how to motivate and maximize the skills of a diverse workforce

Genetic Factors Of Gene Mutation - 1801 Words

Gene mutation is an official change in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene. Mutations are affected by the change in the DNA sequence. (U.S NLM, Para I) There can be many different types of mutations. Some examples are point mutations, missense mutation, nonsense mutation, frame shift mutation, silent mutation, deletion, insertion, and duplication. These mutations can either occur naturally or actually made to happen. Mutations can have a huge impact that can be beneficial or unhelpful. (Mutations, Para IV) Mutations can occur in humans, animals, or plants. Mutations affect today’s society in many ways. Mutations can be caused by exogenous or endogenous factors, or they may be caused by mistakes in cellular machinery. Chemical or physical agents that induce mutations in DNA are called mutagens and are said to be mutagenic. Exogenous factors are those that are in the environment such as sunlight, radiation, and smoking can cause mutations. Endogenous factors are those errors during DNA replication can lead to genetic changes as can poisonous products of cellular metabolism. Mutations can be advantageous and lead to an evolutionary benefit of a certain genotype. Mutations can also be harmful or deleterious, which means it could cause diseases, development delays, structural abnormalities, or some other effects. (Mutations, II) There are four types of nucleotides. They all have a different nitrogenous bases which are thymine, adenine, guanine, and cytosine. These fourShow MoreRelatedA Research Study On Genetic Testing Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesThe use of genetic information has drawn repeated attention from insurance companies in recent years. Especially the introduce of genetic testing in the industry, which can help set the level of cost of premiums for different groups of the population as well as assess the risk. Many parties have been involved in the debate on whether genetic information can be allowed to use by insurers when assessing those a pplications, such as government, insurance companies, health service providers. In the UKRead MoreThe Complicated Biology of Breast Cancer977 Words   |  4 Pagescancer, I decided to use my knowledge and research to guide you through the more complicated biological side of breast cancer. Within this letter I hope to better your understanding of cancer, especially breast cancer. Its the causes, pros and cons of genetic testing, and my recommendations for you and your daughters. I will also discuss the controversial decision of actress Angelina Jolie. Cancer is a term used to describe diseases that include abnormal cell division, which means that cells don’t dieRead MoreGenetics Is A Branch Of Biological Science938 Words   |  4 PagesGenetics is a branch of biological science that focuses on the study of genes and inheritance from parent to offspring. Genes are found in chromosomes embedded in a cell’s nucleus and carry the traits that a person will have. We inherit our traits from our parents through sexual reproduction, when two gametes, a sperm from the father and an ovum from the mother, combine and produce a zygote. Gametes form through meiosis, which results in each gamete having 23 chromosomes. This results in the zygoteRead MoreThe Discovery of Dominant and Recessive Genes by Gregor Mendel939 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Genetics is the study of how genes and heredity combine to create traits in living organisms. Gregor Mendel disproved the theory that heredity comes only from parents. He discover ed that there were dominant and recessive genes and his â€Å"Law of Dominance† has been used to selectively breed plants and animals for particular attributes. It has also been successfully adopted to identify the risk of passing down genetic diseases. Francis Galton took Mendel’s discoveries further by studyingRead MoreGene Expression : The Consequences Of Human DNA And Human Genes1345 Words   |  6 Pagesthese chromosomes are sections of DNA called genes. Genes make up the physical traits inherited and expressed from mom and dad. When the DNA found within these genes provides genetic instructions to encode proteins or other molecules, this is called gene expression. Gene expression is the process by which genetic information stored in a gene dictates a cells function. This process is essential as regulatory proteins control the rate of gene expression. Gene expression is influenced by the processesRead MoreBiological Mechanisms Of The Obesity945 Words   |  4 PagesCandidate genes allow researchers to come up with rational hypothesis of role of these genes and their contribution to different conditions, in this case obesity. Therefore, they are potential predisposition factors. Candidate genes are chosen on a basis of knowledge of their function, biochemistry and their expression pattern (what protein they encode for and where is this protein mainly expressed) in obesity. At present, there are about 300 genes that have been hypothesized to contribute (to someRead MoreRejection to the Proposal of Mr. Clotter John Ko Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pages Is generalised Genetic Screening for Factor V Leiden Necessary? =============================================================== Genetic screening has no doubt have been the one of the most controversial issue in the branch of medicine. The new issue has recently triggered the on-going debate: the dilemma of whether the Government should allow the Genetic screening of all 16 year old girls for mutation in specific gene called the Factor V which sometimes leadRead MoreBrca1 And Brca2 : Factors That Affect The Risk Of Breast Cancer1589 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolved in maintain the integrity of the genome (Kinzler et al, 1997). A mutation in the AT, or ATM, gene on chromosome 11 also is associated with breast cancer, and it may be much more common in the general population than BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Seven percent of familial breast cancer may be associated with the AT gene mutation (Radford and Zehnbauer, 1996, cited in McCain, 1997). It is not known whether the AT mutation increases the risk of breast cancer for men. Ataxia teleangiectasia is anRead More72 New Gene Mutation Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages72 New Genetic Mutations Linked to Hereditary Breast Cancer According to the National Cancer Institute, invasive breast cancer affects approximately 1 in 8 U.S. women, and about 5% to 10% of all breast cancers are hereditary. At present, most people are familiar with BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations, which are inherited gene mutations—or abnormalities in the DNA sequencing—that increase the risk of developing breast cancer. According to statistics from the National Cancer Institute, by age 70Read MoreWhat Is Melanocortin 1 Manogen?1038 Words   |  5 PagesThe MCR1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called melanocortin 1 receptor. This receptor plays a major role when it comes to pigmentation. This receptor is located on cells that produce melanin called melanocytes. (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/MC1R). Melanin is a substance that gives skin, hair, and eyes the color. Melanin is also found in the retina part of the eye, and it gives humans normal vision. Common variations (polymorphisms) in the MC1R gene are associated with normal differences

Culture-Bound Syndromes Free Essays

Mental health functioning is important regarding a person’s well-being, being able to interact with others in a healthy manner, and contributes many things to individual’s through communities and society. Culture-bound syndromes are conditions that are specific to particular cultures. The cultures that experience, express, and deal with culture-bound syndromes in different ways is extremely common. We will write a custom essay sample on Culture-Bound Syndromes or any similar topic only for you Order Now LaVeist and Thomas (2005) state that â€Å"culture-bound syndromes are clusters of symptoms more common in some cultures than others† (p. 01). There are symptoms that are found in all nations, cultures, and similarly recognizable worldwide but yet are different at the same time. Culture-Bound Syndromes Culture-bound syndromes, also known as culture-specific syndromes, have been defined as â€Å"clusters of symptoms more common in some cultures than in other cultural groups† (LaVeist amp; Thomas, 2005, p. 101). Although many mental disorders are well known in specific cultures, these disorders are at least somewhat conditioned by the culture in which they are found.More importantly, the topic of culture-bound syndromes has â€Å"been a controversial topic since they have reflected the different opinions of anthropologists and psychiatrists† (WHO, 1992). Consequently, researchers have had some difficulty emphasizing culture specific dimensions of certain syndromes. Some studies have suggested that the most beneficial aspect of defining culture-bound syndromes is that they represent an acceptable way to define s pecific cultural responses to certain situations. According to Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999), â€Å"researchers have referred to culture bound research on culture-bound syndromes serves strategically to tighten the integration between cultural and clinical knowledge, while providing insights into issues of diagnostic universality and culturally specificity† (p. 1326). The role of biology in the development of culture-bound syndromes, therefore, has proved to be of debate. Interest in culture-bound syndromes has increased over the last few decades.Similarly the treatment in a diagnostic classification treatment of these disorders has over the last several years gained attention (Guarnaccia amp; Rogler, 1999). Clinicians are presented with plenty of challenges when dealing with culture-bound syndromes such as how to diagnose them. Several questions clinicians present include the stability of culture-bound syndromes, the common nature of these disorders across cultures, and the similarity of symptoms between syndromes (APA, 1994) . Similarly, the question of whether culture-bound syndromes should be included in the diagnostic criteria of current psychological illnesses or as individual entities themselves is also debatable (APA, 1994). Another issue concerns the relationship between culture bound syndromes and standard diagnostic systems such as the DSM. Of specific concern is that they do not easily conform to the categories within the DSM due to significant differences across cultures.These differences are due to differing views of self and reality as well as the different ways cultures express certain disorders (APA, 1994). Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999) referring to the DSM classification system in that it addresses certain concerns about differing cultural boundaries, and in dealing with the classification methods certainly deal with the reliability and validity of the non-universality of cultural experiences in relation to mental illnesses.The fact that each culture-bound syndrome is individually associated with particular sets of illness responses, it is difficult to define precisely the definition of the culture-bound syndromes as a unit. Culture-bound syndromes as therefore comprised as several different illnesses and afflictions. LaVeist and Thomas (2005) thoroughly expresses the dynamic nature of culture-bound syndromes when they state: The symptoms of mental disorders are found in all nations and in all cultures; there are recognizable symptoms that are common worldwide.Mental health researchers have not yet been able to determine whether culture bound syndromes are indicative of one or more possibilities that include distinct disorders that exist only in specific cultures, and reflect different ways in which individuals from different cultures express mental illness, as well as reflecting different ways in which the social and cultural environment interact with genes to produce disorders, or any combination of these. (pp. 01) With the following information in mind, it should be noted that not all disorders are considered pathological; some behaviors are seen as ways of expressing and communicating distress to members of a certain culture and are seen as culturally accepted responses (APA, 1994). In fact, cultures experience, express, and cope with feelings of distress in various ways that may counter what Western societies see as common. Furthermore, at times these cultural differences are referred to as idioms of distress.Understanding the expression of these idioms (for example somatization, which is a physical representation of distress that is typically accompanied by symptoms such as abdominal or chest pain, heart palpitations, dizziness or vertigo, and blurred vision) allows clinicians to be more aware of the diagnoses they give (LaVeist amp; Thomas, 2005). Culture-bound syndromes can also appear to be similar within several cultures. Furthermore, a culture specific syndrome can be categorized by various things.The APA (1994) characterizes culture specific syndromes as the following: categorization as a disease in the culture, familiarity within a widespread culture, people with lack of familiarity of specific conditions from other cultures, and the use of folk medicines that particular cultures use as a conditioned sense of usage within a specific culture. More specifically, culture-bound syndromes are not the same as geographically localized diseases with specific biological causes, such as kuru or sleeping sickness, or genetic conditions limited to certain populations, like sickle cell anemia (APA, 1994).Discussions of culture-bound syndromes have often concerned the amount of different categories of syndromes present in the world today. Many culture-bound syndromes are actually specific cultural representations of illnesses found e lsewhere in the world. Some of these responses are not necessarily psychological illnesses but rather are explanatory mechanisms like witchcraft (Simons amp; Hughes, 1985). Beliefs in witchcraft could seem to be a little farfetched as a type of culture-bound illness; however, it is supposed that witchcraft can lead to behaviors that can be seen as disordered.This concept is of particular concern to medical and psychiatric anthropologists because culture-bound syndromes provide examples of how cultural specific symptoms can evolve into psychological illnesses. Just because these responses may not begin as disorders, however, does not devalue the fact that they are illnesses and should be taken seriously (Simons amp; Hughes, 1985). The American Psychiatric Association (1994), states that the Western scientific perspective characterizes culture specific syndromes as imaginary and has no way of clearly being able to show why someone cannot understand that perspective.According to the APA (1994), physicians will share many things about a disorder with the patients and help them try to understand how they see their particular disorder; they also use folk med icine treatment if the patient asks for that if it is a culture-bound syndrome. Another thing is that a physician may falsify a patients perspective to offer folk medicine treatments that are available or maybe for a new and improved treatment strategy. Lastly, the clinician should educate the patient on being able to recognize their condition as a culture-bound syndrome so that the clinician may treat them as they see fit. Guarnaccia and Rogler (1994) said that specific conditions are very challenging within medical care and illustrate rarely discussed aspects of fundamental aspects of physician to patient relationships, a diagnosis that is the best fit for the way of looking at the body and its diseases are easily negotiated if both parties can be found. Restrictions of the diagnostic classification systems of culture-bound syndromes have complications with certain additions within the iagnostic classification systems and have raised many questions. It is not quite clear on whether culture-bound syndromes are actually different from conventional syndromes or if they are just categorically different. Some people like to argue that some culture-bound syndromes are not just limited to specific cultures but are widely experienced throughout the world. Many of the syndromes that have been labeled as culture- bound are compromised by many mixtures of indicators that have been witnessed collectively.Culture- bound syndromes are lacking in diagnostic regularity and legitimacy making it extremely difficult to reach widespread straightforward criteria to describe these illnesses because of problems in language. â€Å"In the development of the DSM, its designers tried to create a diagnostic system that was well-suited with a broader and more worldwide medical organization system that is, the International Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death (ICD) developed by the World Health Organization† (WHO, 1992). Therefore, the DSM implements a medical model of diagnosis for which many mental disorders, regardless of whether their background is biological or psychological, is viewed as mental illnesses and requires treatment. Furthermore, this model is implicit and assuming that mental disorders are under the compromise of behavioral or psychological symptoms that can form definable patterns or distinct forms of a particular syndrome (Guarnaccia amp; Rogler, 1994).The authors of the DSM definitely made a careful choice to accept a clear-cut categorization of mental illnesses. It is important to notice, however, that the DSM does not make the assumption that all mental disorders are discreet entities with absolutely no boundaries. Finally, before methodology is discussed, examples of what culture-bound syndromes actually are is important to include. The case of Koro â€Å"provides an example of shifting diagnostic classifications because of changing decisions about which symptoms are predomin ant.For example, Koro was first categorized as a somatoform disorder on the basis of the perception of the afflicted person’s intense preoccupation with a somatic concern, the retraction of the penis† (Bernstein amp; Gaw, 1990). â€Å"More recently, Koro was categorized as an anxiety disorder and noted that others have associated Koro with panic disorders† (Levine amp; Gaw, 1995, p. 1323). Second, the debate of the relationship between culture-bound syndromes and psychiatric disorders according to symptoms is evident in the case of Latah Levine amp; Gaw, 1995). More specifically, â€Å"a debate about Latah focuses on which theoretical perspective should prevail; Simons and Hughes argued that the predominant feature of Latah is the neurophysiological startle reflex, culturally elaborated into Latah in Malaysia† (Simons amp; Hughes, 1985, p. 1323). Therefore, each disorder represents responses specific to certain cultures while also explaining the different ways cultures respond to events. MethodUnderstanding culture-bound syndromes requires looking at multiple sources that give a broad range of information regarding the topic. For this paper I felt that it was necessary to use the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders because it gives plenty of information regarding culture-bound syndromes. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is extremely useful in the fact that it allows a health educator to become more acquainted with culture-bound syndromes that are unique and unusual to our specific field of study.Guarnaccia and Rogler and their research on culture-bound syndromes is informational in that they give a comprehensive look at culture-bound syndromes through the classification system and allow one to focus more on specific syndromes, such as Koro and Latah. LaVeist and Thomas from Chapter 5 in Minority Populations and Health are really informational along the lines of mental health, mental illness, and mental health problems.They give a more thorough explanation of basic background information on the previously stated informati on and topics and yet still remain in-depth when looking at specific aspects of mental health. They describe mental health, mental health problems, and mental illness in more detail and allow for the interpretation of others reading their work to help fuel one’s own judgments on those topics. I also used various sources to address other topics relevant to culture-bound syndromes. For example, Bernstein and Gaw specifically addressed Koro, which I used as an example of a culture-bound syndrome.Another example, Simon and Hughes addressed Latah, I felt it was necessary to use examples of both Koro and Latah to help show what culture-bound syndromes were exactly and what they meant to cultures that were not American and how the cultures that were affected by these syndromes. The method I used for identifying and locating sources mainly dealt with trying to find a broad aspect of culture-bound syndromes and basic information on this particular subject. The rationale for choosing the specific sources was along the lines of being able to find enough useable information that could allow me to get my points across.When searching the electronic databases and the library at Central Arkansas University I was mainly looking for a broad range of topics that could fulfill the various information needs I had for this paper. I wanted to look at the topic on multiple levels, including cross-cultural, the way culture-bound syndromes affect others, and the ways in which these disorders are specifically associated with mental illness. Analysis amp; Discussion The grouping of culture-bound syndromes into qualified diagnostic categories usually is based on a perception of their principal indicators. But the bigger issue itself of classifying a majority of symptoms is definitely challenging, as exemplified in the cases of Koro and Latah. Problems most definitely arose when conclusions were built on general, typical descriptions of the syndrome that are then linked with the textbook criteria of psychiatric diagnoses. The present method of studying the same set of readings and engaging in the classification process with them does not, from my viewpoint, promote the consideration of culture-bound syndromes.The approach of trying to find the right classificatory organization by basing it on the similarity between certain symptoms that include maybe one or two of the same grouping within the syndrome as well as the DSM groupings as the main organizing arrangement of significance to the culture-bound syndromes is not expected to produce new answers to the questions about the classification system. There are many syndromes that have different names that are seen from a variety of cultur es that are basically the same set of behaviors, but culturally are explained in slightly different ways.Occasionally, on certain remote instances the arrangement of the behavior that is recognized as a culture-bound syndrome occurs in an area that is far from individuals where the termed and elaborated syndrome is an endemic. Conclusion amp; Recommendations Some major challenges that can help the classification system out is that the same distress responses may be stated differently as a result of cultural cues, language variances, and changes in experience. In addition, the American Psychiatric Association (1994) notes that some examples of cultural structuring and or human behavior knowledge regarding illnesses are stated in Western classification systems more commonly known as the DSM. Thus, the challenge to categorize culture bound syndromes, whether as diverse syndromes or as part of an already categorized illness, is an activity that is inseparably tied to a certain culture. Also it has been suggested the ways that cultures and their social methods can limit the expansion of an internationally valid system of identification.Guarnaccia and Rogler (1999) suggests that classification of culture-bound syndromes are better than recording symptoms due to the fact that examining the context and symbolic structure of cultural reactions yield a better turnout. The main themes of most discussions over culture-bound syndromes is that such illnesses personalize symptom patterns that are somewhat linked in some significant way to the specific c ultural setting in which they have occurred within.Because most of the syndromes are separate from the theoretical outlook of the Western medicine systems, they are quite often disregarded in serious analyses and therefore are carelessly overlooked for helpful mediations. These disorders appear to reside in a figurative twilight zone of psychiatric diagnosis and are viewed as highly mysterious. To nearly everyone, the behavior and outlooks common to one’s own culture seem natural and/or rational in most parts, while those derived from other cultures appear abnormal, culture-specific, or arising from irregular conditions.Most clinicians are more than likely to think through the justification of culture when presenting a patient’s problem, especially when he or she is from a cultural setting other than the clinician’s own. However, cultural factors are a considerable part of every disorder and expressive in the outlook of specific components. Nonetheless, all psychiatric illnesses are culture bound to a certain degree. The divisions of psychiatric illnesses of culture-bound syndromes are those found only in inadequate cultural areas.Though culture does shape all illness behavior, it is always hypothetically informative to ask why any given syndrome appears to be present or not in a given culture. In recent years, the mindfulness of cultural diversity and of the role of culture in all illnesses has greatly been improved. Because of the interpretations into the relationships between individual psychopathology and culturally firm practices and beliefs that the study of culture-bound syndromes offers, an interest in these syndromes has grown greatly over the past several years.Health educators in dealing with culture-bound syndromes would be able to help Center for Disease Control officials in many aspects. Since culture-bound syndromes are very common among many cultures around the world, health educators who deal with particular syndromes could help assess and implement many programs that can help with assessing many syndromes that afflict many cultures throughout the world. In a classroom setting, health educators can teach students how to spot syndromes and treat them to an extent in which helps their particular culture, community or society.Health education programs that are implemented within colleges and universities can stress that culture-bound syndromes are very serious and need to be treated like any other mental health disease that we as educators deal with and try to diagnose every day. I believe that policies and procedures that are already implemented within our culture are doing a good job in trying to handle culture-bound syndromes. Educationally, I believe that there are definitely some great programs that try to help with identifying and dealing with culture-bound syndromes. References American Psychiatric Association (APA). 1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: DSM-IV. Washington, DC. Bernstein, R. L. , amp; Gaw, A. C. (1990). Koro: proposed classification for DSM-IV. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 1670-1674. Guarnaccia, P. J. , amp; Rogler, L. H. (1999). Research on culture-bound syndromes: New directions. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156(9), 1322-1327. Hall, T. M. (2008). Culture-bound syndromes in China. Retrieved from http://homepage. mac. com/mccajor/cbs. html LaVeist, T. A. , amp; Thomas, D. (2005). Mental health. In T. A. LaVeist (Ed. Minority populations and health: An introduction to health disparities in the United States (pp. 83-107). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Levine, R. E. , amp; Gaw, A. C. (1995). Culture-bound syndromes. Psychiatry Clinic North America, 18, 523-536. World Health Organization (WHO). (1992). International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition (ICD-10): Classification of mental and behavioral disorders. Geneva, Switzerland. Simons, R. C. , amp; Hughes, C. C. (1985). The culture-bound syndromes: Folk illnesses of psychiatric and anthropological interest. Dordrecht, Netherlands. How to cite Culture-Bound Syndromes, Papers

Realist Evaluation of Leadership Development

Question: Discuss about the Realist Evaluation of Leadership Development. Answer: Introduction: Systemic thinking may be defined as the analytical study of a particular disciple within a system that examines the different connections and the linkages among its different components that make up the system. This study provides a systematic approach in understanding, evaluation and discussing about the design and construction of the components of an organization. An organization is in turn a complex composition of a large number of interconnected systems comprising human and non human compositions that need to work in harmony with each other. This will ensure the whole organization to function successfully. Professor Forrester was the first person who came up with the concept of systemic thinking where he has described the systemic thinking as the procedure which has allowed people in understanding the different components of the social systems and how they are linked with each other (Hester and Adams 2014). This in turn helps such people in making alterations in the system to att ain the better result and maintain sustainability. The systemic thinking is quite different from the traditional thinking approach. Traditional thinking approach mainly depends on the separation of the individual components of the social system and analyses each of the broken parts separately to alter any if needed. However system thinking is different in the sense as it focuses its analysis about how each of the components of a social system being intricately associated and interacts with other components in the system (Segatto et al. 2013). Therefore unlike traditional thinking which relies on breaking components and studying the isolated components, systemic thinking depends on the studying how interactions among the components work in order to handle a particular issue. Often this has found to yield conclusions which are much effective than those provided by traditional thinking especially in case of complex dynamic processes (Kwamie, VanDijk and Agyepong 2014). The essay will mainly portray the logical explanation about how systemic thinking can be included in the modern day corporate management to develop ways which will help in solving different sustainability challenges. In order to do so, the main complex topic that will be chosen is the appointments of women in higher executive roles in corporate of Australia. It will show how systemic thinking when applied will help in dissecting the important roles of higher executives and how involvement of women in such positions will help to meet better results for the organization. With the increasing trend of gender equality, women have crossed many barriers of culture, traditions, mental backlogs, stigmas and many others and had been able to establish themselves in same position with the males in the society. It has been seen in several instances where a male and a female had engaged themselves in successful partnerships while maintain household chores and had been successful in harmonious living on personal front (Paxton and Hughes 2016). However, similar such scenario is not visible in the corporate sectors of Australian firms. Studies reveal that in numbers of women gradually decrease when an individual studies this number in ever ranks of an organization. Very few numbers of women are found to be present in the higher ranks and their number is comparatively very less than the males (Morley 2014). This situation raises a number of questions. A number of doubts here arise like about the belief of the society on the credibility of women in corporate sectors, different traditional constraints that work on women liberty, a womens own priority and liking of personal and family matters over corporate sectors and many others. Recently, governments of every nation are trying their best to introduce the concept of empowerment of women to attain stability in each and every prospect of the nation. The nations explain empowerment of women as the attempt to develop a multidimensional social process that had helped women to gain control over their own lives (Sweden 2014). By this process, they had mainly tried to foster power in people which can be used in their own lives and also in communities, societies, organizations, acting on important issues and others. They have mainly portrayed the importance of dealing with womens continued disadvantage to that of men and that is clearly reflected in different economic, socio cultural an different political spheres. This empowerment helps them to reach a concept of gender equality. This gives her a chance of accessing opportunities and resources that will provide her large number of options she can pursue both at home and the organization where she may work for (Bacha 2014). This has resulted in UN suggesting that there are proven synergies between women empowerment and social, economic and environmental sustainability. Inclusion of women in corporate sectors of Australia have already shown that the gross domestic product of Australia have increased than what was there before the concept of women empowerment came into being. However, it had been surprising to find that the higher positions in most of the renowned corporate sectors of Australia have very few females with a larger number of male executives enjoying the positions. As a result, on critically conducting the systemic thinking procedure and researching the interconnections that women share with each and every component of the organization and with different aspects of society, much important information came into the views (Ibarra, Ely and Kolb 2013). Although the government and also different organizations are promoting the concept of women empowerment, but efforts are found to be half-hearted. On thorough analysis, it was found that not all had a clear concept of the differences between men and women as the concepts are poorly understood . Many harbor the idea that women and men have different neurobiology and cultural training and therefore their behaviors are programmed, culturally influenced and hardwired in brains (Grover 2015). Therefore even when a woman exhibits a proper professional style, approach, communication, leadership values, decision making and positive energy, they are not properly valued and respected. This is mainly due to preconceived notion of the society. Often there is also clashes of women priorities and styles with dominant cultures that demean the moral values of women. Moreover many corporate also do not value the leadership style of women which contains of empathy, emotional cue taking and others as they believe them to be weakening attributes to achieve the mission of the corporate sector. Many corporate also do not prefer the concept of whole self authenticity that a woman usually provides in her workplace. Most researches show that women are very much comfortable portraying authenticity and transparency in their workplace but many corporate usually led by male employers do not prefer such attributes in higher officials and believe such transparency is always not effective in leaderships (Cook and Glass 2014). Moreover it is also believed by a large number of corporate heads that women have large pressures on them as they are the prime care givers of their children and family. They believe as they laws remain in pressure in managing more than one domain in their life; their dedication towards work gets divided. Therefore corporate believes that women can never priorities work more than male and therefore they believe in order to have more productivity, males are more helpful (Mulcahy and Linhem 2014). This is one explanation which can provide a background of the depth of women in the higher executive ranks. Moreover there is another theory which states that women mainly visualizes their work is as one part of a pie and that is they are not ready to dedicate themselves fully to work. This study also says that men are mostly dedicated to work wholly and can even work above their scheduled hours. This extra dedication often makes women to be a second choice when an employer appoints a particular employee to a higher rank. The belief of a woman having more priorities in her lives other than work and therefore not paying full attention to work has been often found among corporate employers. They believe that extreme work requires extreme dedication and so women are not capable of handling them. Marginalizing of women is still a stigma in the 21st century even when people shout of feminism. There had been often debates about the extent of help that the women have received. When analyzing the connections of women with society in a systemic thinking procedure, it can be seen that women are still sidelined, diminished, suppressed and discriminated (Ferreira and Gyorko 2014). They are though less because they are women only. Their leadership skills are often critically challenged. All these are barriers that are preventing women to take one of the highest positions in the corporate sectors. In many cases women are deprived of their rank and are prevented to move upwards in their position. These are often found to demotivate women. After applying same dedication to work like a male colleague and seeing him to be upgraded in his career leaving her behind for just being a woman will definitely affect herself respect and ego. This may lead her to depression where she may not provide her best which she was previously been able to. These will not only harm her career but will also affect her family economically. Similar such cases will result in challenges in economic sustainability of the nation as the gross domestic product will decrease. Moreover the corporate sector will highly suffer due to the lack of presence of women in their workplaces as women tend to bring with them different innovative ideas and suggestions that can never be produced by men (Akpinor 2013 ). Loss of valuable ideas will affect the strategic management of corporate sectors also affecting the economic prospects of the company. Moreover investors will strictly try to avoid such negative workforces which do not allow the involvement of both genders in the decision making scenarios as they will always prefer a diverse workforce. While analyzing the women and their linkage with management skills at corporate sectors, it is found that there are many important aspects possessed by women but are not shown in men. Different studies have shown that women possess an exceptional skill of taking initiatives at work and have wonderful communication skill. These skills are much more polished than the men and are even expressed in ways which never affect the ego and self respect of the opposite persons. They also show the attributes of openness that tends to bring better result in the workplace than the male counterparts. They also have a very impressive skill of innovating strategies that are out of the box and are often helpful in achieving goals which could not be achieved by other male members. Women also practice better sociability due to better skill of communication. They can utilize their inquisitiveness in positive ways and building strong social bonds with different stakeholders. These often bring benefits to the corporate sectors by earning more clients and that results in more business. They are more supportive to their colleagues and they have a helping behavior for which any person who is confused or need help can easily approach her for help. Moreover, it is also seen that women are more methodological in their management skill than men who helps the workers under her to develop clarity in their respective roles. This helps them to work properly and achieve their targets easily (McGowan et al. 2015). They goal setting is done after thorough research d analysis and therefore is often achievable by the team. All the above mentioned prospects make women capable for handing any leadership position in the corporate sectors. Women executives manufacture confidence, attract strong peer communities, bring emotional literacy to the working teams, necessarily efficient, have motivation to succeed against odds, see work with more parity and are great to set as an example. Hence modern women sh ould be made executives so that they get chances of exhibiting their skills and bring more revenue to the company. From the entire essay, it can be stated that systemic thinking had helped one to look into the different connections that women can establish with the organization she works for and also with the society where she thrives in. While studying the linkages and connections that women establish with the components in the corporate lives, one can understand the various reasons that prevent women from getting an executive position in the corporate sectors. The essay has portrayed the important barriers that women face and also denotes the various conceptions that our patriarchal society has about women and their capabilities. In order to overcome the different sustainability challenges that the organizations and the societies are facing due to such stigmas and misconceptions, a proper education for both of them is vey necessary. Therefore all the positive aspects of women as a career centric person and the various skills that they possess have been demarcated. These would help the society a nd also the corporate sectors to look beyond their preconceived notions and take steps to attain economic stability. References: Akpinar-Sposito, C., 2013. Career barriers for women executives and the Glass Ceiling Syndrome: the case study comparison between French and Turkish women executives.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,75, pp.488-497. Bacha, E., 2014. The relationship between transformational leadership, task performance and job characteristics.Journal of Management Development,33(4), pp.410-420. Cook, A. and Glass, C., 2014. Women and top leadership positions: Towards an institutional analysis.Gender, Work Organization,21(1), pp.91-103. Ferreira, F. and Gyourko, J., 2014. Does gender matter for political leadership? The case of US mayors.Journal of Public Economics,112, pp.24-39. Grover, V.K., 2015. Second generation gender bias: Invisible barriers holding women back in organizations.IJAR,1(4), pp.1-4. Hester, P.T. and Adams, K.M., 2014. The Why of Systemic Thinking. InSystemic Thinking(pp. 125-153). Springer International Publishing. Ibarra, H., Ely, R. and Kolb, D., 2013. Women rising: The unseen barriers.Harvard Business Review,91(9), pp.60-66. Kwamie, A., van Dijk, H. and Agyepong, I.A., 2014. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: realist evaluation of the Leadership Development Programme for district manager decision-making in Ghana.Health Research Policy and Systems,12(1), p.29. Kwamie, A., van Dijk, H. and Agyepong, I.A., 2014. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: realist evaluation of the Leadership Development Programme for district manager decision-making in Ghana.Health Research Policy and Systems,12(1), p.29. McGowan, P., Cooper, S., Durkin, M. and O'Kane, C., 2015. The influence of social and human capital in developing young women as entrepreneurial business leaders.Journal of Small Business Management,53(3), pp.645-661. Morley, L., 2014. Lost leaders: Women in the global academy.Higher Education Research Development,33(1), pp.114-128. Mulcahy, M. and Linehan, C., 2014. Females and precarious board positions: Further evidence of the glass cliff.British Journal of Management,25(3), pp.425-438. Paxton, P. and Hughes, M.M., 2016.Women, politics, and power: A global perspective. CQ Press Sandberg, S., 2013.Lean in: Women, work, and the will to lead. Random House. Segatto, M., Ins Dallavalle de Pdua, S. and Pinheiro Martinelli, D., 2013. Business process management: a systemic approach?.Business Process Management Journal,19(4), pp.698-714. Sweden, S., 2014. Women and men in Sweden: Facts and figures 2014.